Bhumihar DNA: Difference between revisions

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The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]</ref> likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)<ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]</ref>, Human Genetics (2021)<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit & Ivanisenko, Vladimir & Anashkina, Anastasia & Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] </ref>, bioRxiv (2022)<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban & Kumar, Lomous & Sran, Kiran & Thangaraj, Kumarasamy & Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] </ref> and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]</ref> '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.

== Bhumihar Genetics according to the Harvard University & David Reich ==

Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes & tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.

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=== (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===

In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs.

'''How to access this''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's widely cited research paper on Indian populations, '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia."]''' Specifically, they are listed in the supplementary material at the end of the paper, in the spreadsheet named '''"File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),"''' under '''Table S5'''.

{| style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"

| [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG), Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG), respectively.]]

| [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG), respectively.]]

| [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG), Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG), respectively.]]

| [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG), respectively.]]

|}

'''How to access this research paper's ancestry spreadsheet''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia."]'''

Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the "Supplementary Material" section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.

Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''"File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),"''' under the "Supplementary Material" section. Download it.

Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''"Table S5"''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich.

== Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==

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The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe).

Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.

Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' and view the spreadsheet from the research paper: Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 '''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024''']

'''How to access this''' and view the spreadsheet from the research paper:

Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 '''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024''']

Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper, scroll down and navigate to the "Supplementary Materials" section and there you'll find the "Supplementary Tables" in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet.

Step 2) ~~Inside~~ the ~~spreadsheet, go~~ to the ~~table number 'S6~~' to find the ~~spreadsheet of the ancestry~~ '''~~qpAdm runs from the research posted below~~'''~~. [[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https:~~/~~/www~~.~~biorxiv.org~~/~~content/10~~.~~1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]~~

Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the "Supplementary Materials" section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''"Supplementary Tables"''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''"supplements/498959_file03.xlsx"'''

Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''.

== Research Paper 3 ==

According to a 2020 research, Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Kshatriyas, Kurmis, Tharus, Srivastavas, Yadavs, Nais, Thakurs, and Brahmins sampled in the research.

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According to a 2023 research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to be having higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in yet another research.

[[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]

== Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==

[[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist and science writer, has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari.

[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]

== Summary ==

@@ Line 140: / Line 140: @@
 The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]</ref> likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)<ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]</ref>, Human Genetics (2021)<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit & Ivanisenko, Vladimir & Anashkina, Anastasia & Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] </ref>, bioRxiv (2022)<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban & Kumar, Lomous & Sran, Kiran & Thangaraj, Kumarasamy & Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] </ref> and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]</ref> '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.
 == Bhumihar Genetics according to the Harvard University & David Reich ==
 Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes & tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.
@@ Line 156: / Line 157: @@
 === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===
 In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs.
-'''How to access this''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's widely cited research paper on Indian populations, '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia."]''' Specifically, they are listed in the supplementary material at the end of the paper, in the spreadsheet named '''"File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),"''' under '''Table S5'''.
 {| style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
-| [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG), Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG), respectively.]]
+| [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG), respectively.]]
-| [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG), Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG), respectively.]]
+| [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG), respectively.]]
 |}
+'''How to access this research paper's ancestry spreadsheet''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia."]'''
+Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the "Supplementary Material" section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.
+Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''"File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),"''' under the "Supplementary Material" section. Download it.
+Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''"Table S5"''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich.
 == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==
@@ Line 170: / Line 175: @@
 The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe).
-Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.
+Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' and view the spreadsheet from the research paper: Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 '''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024''']
-'''How to access this''' and view the spreadsheet from the research paper:
-Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 '''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024''']
-Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper, scroll down and navigate to the "Supplementary Materials" section and there you'll find the "Supplementary Tables" in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet.
-Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the table number 'S6' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. [[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]
+Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the "Supplementary Materials" section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''"Supplementary Tables"''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''"supplements/498959_file03.xlsx"'''
+Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''.
 == Research Paper 3 ==
 According to a 2020 research, Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Kshatriyas, Kurmis, Tharus, Srivastavas, Yadavs, Nais, Thakurs, and Brahmins sampled in the research.
@@ Line 197: / Line 197: @@
 According to a 2023 research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to be having higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in yet another research.
 [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]
+== Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==
+[[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist and science writer, has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari.
+[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]
 == Summary ==

Bhumihar DNA: Difference between revisions

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