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'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry.
'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry.
Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''<ref>[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]
Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''<ref>https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487</ref>''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan.
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]</ref>''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan.
The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]</ref> likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)<ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]</ref>, Human Genetics (2021)<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit & Ivanisenko, Vladimir & Anashkina, Anastasia & Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] </ref>, bioRxiv (2022)<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban & Kumar, Lomous & Sran, Kiran & Thangaraj, Kumarasamy & Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] </ref> and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]</ref> '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.
The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]</ref> likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)<ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]</ref>, Human Genetics (2021)<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit & Ivanisenko, Vladimir & Anashkina, Anastasia & Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] </ref>, bioRxiv (2022)<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban & Kumar, Lomous & Sran, Kiran & Thangaraj, Kumarasamy & Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] </ref> and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]</ref> '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.
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[[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]
[[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]
== Research Paper 6 ==
== 2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research says Bhumihars cluster with Brahmins - Research Paper 6 ==
Scientists from the government '''Central Forensic Science Laboratory''' reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that '''Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins'''. <blockquote>Scientists wrote in their '''conclusion''' - '''''"The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large."'''''</blockquote>
[[File:6006dfbe.jpg|alt=Scientists from the government Central Forensic Science Laboratory reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins.|center|thumb|746x746px|Source: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578889_Genetic_profile_based_upon_15_microsatellites_of_four_caste_groups_of_the_eastern_Indian_state_Bihar Genetic profile based upon 15 microsatellites of four caste groups of the eastern Indian state, Bihar. 2003]]]
== Research Paper 7 ==
According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.
According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.
[[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]
[[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]
== 2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research says Bhumihars cluster with Brahmins - Research Paper 7 ==
Scientists from the government '''Central Forensic Science Laboratory''' reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that '''Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins'''. <blockquote>Scientists wrote in their conclusion - '''''"The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large."'''''</blockquote>
[[File:591d4a74-c0d3-434e-8330-cf468b1e6c85.jpg|center|thumb|746x746px|Source: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578889_Genetic_profile_based_upon_15_microsatellites_of_four_caste_groups_of_the_eastern_Indian_state_Bihar Genetic profile based upon 15 microsatellites of four caste groups of the eastern Indian state, Bihar. 2003]]]
== Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==
== Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==
Latest revision as of 14:20, 1 September 2026
Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%, with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry.
Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA[1], which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes, reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan.
The 2024 study Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India[2] likewise identified the sampled Bihari Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)[3], Human Genetics (2021)[4], bioRxiv (2022)[5] and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)[6]similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.
Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University & Dr.David Reich - Research Paper 1
Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes & tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.
(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups"
(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”
(C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars
(D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs.
In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, Bihari Bhumiharswere found to have higherSteppe ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. They were also found to have lower Indigenous ancestry, for which AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer) was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs.
Model 1 Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have 28.3% Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and 21.3% AHG-related ancestry, compared with Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG), Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG), respectively.
Model 2 Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have 26.3% Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and 26.4% AHG-related ancestry, compared with Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG), Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG), respectively.
How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheetgiven above - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned & widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia."
Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the "Supplementary Material" section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.
Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named "File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx)," under the "Supplementary Material" section. Download it.
Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the "Table S5" inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the entire ancestry data of major Indian castes that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich.
Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research - Research Paper 2
The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe). Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe).
Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars.
Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and scroll down or navigate to the "Supplemental information" section, under it you'll find the "Download spreadsheet" option. You have to download it to view the entire spreadsheet file containing multiple tables.
Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the table number 'S6' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry qpAdm runs from the research posted above.
Oxford University research paper & Bhumihar genetics - Research paper 4
Oxford University research paper shows that Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs, Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.
Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other
Oxford University research paper highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together.
The scientists say in the research that - "We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other"
According to a 2021 research, Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. This research showed results of 3 different models.
2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research says Bhumihars cluster with Brahmins - Research Paper 6
Scientists from the government Central Forensic Science Laboratory reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins.
Scientists wrote in their conclusion - "The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large."
According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.
Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry
Razib Khan, a popular American geneticist who used to write for The New York Times, has stated in his official Blog that Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestryand moderate AASI ancestry compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari.
He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that "Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI."
Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns.
Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.
