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Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Bhumihar_DNA&diff=1046 2026-09-01T14:21:27Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich - Research Paper 1 ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research paper-“[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research - Research Paper 2 ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India] applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024]. This table is inside the sheet-S6 of the downloadable supplementary spreadsheet given with the research paper. |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and scroll down or navigate to the '''&quot;Supplemental information&quot;''' section, under it you'll find the '''&quot;Download spreadsheet&quot;''' option. You have to '''download it''' to view the entire spreadsheet file containing multiple tables. <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted above'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics - Research paper 4 ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ===<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == 2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research says Bhumihars cluster with Brahmins - Research Paper 6 ==<br /> Scientists from the government '''Central Forensic Science Laboratory''' reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that '''Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;Scientists wrote in their '''conclusion''' - '''''&quot;The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large.&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:6006dfbe.jpg|alt=Scientists from the government Central Forensic Science Laboratory reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins.|center|thumb|746x746px|Source: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578889_Genetic_profile_based_upon_15_microsatellites_of_four_caste_groups_of_the_eastern_Indian_state_Bihar Genetic profile based upon 15 microsatellites of four caste groups of the eastern Indian state, Bihar. 2003]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 7 ==<br /> According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1045 2026-09-01T14:20:53Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich - Research Paper 1 ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research paper-“[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research - Research Paper 2 ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India] applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024]. This table is inside the sheet-S6 of the downloadable supplementary spreadsheet given with the research paper. |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and scroll down or navigate to the '''&quot;Supplemental information&quot;''' section, under it you'll find the '''&quot;Download spreadsheet&quot;''' option. You have to '''download it''' to view the entire spreadsheet file containing multiple tables. <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted above'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics - Research paper 4 ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ===<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == 2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research says Bhumihars cluster with Brahmins - Research Paper 6 ==<br /> Scientists from the government '''Central Forensic Science Laboratory''' reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that '''Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;Scientists wrote in their '''conclusion''' - '''''&quot;The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large.&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:6006dfbe.jpg|alt=Scientists from the government Central Forensic Science Laboratory reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins.|center|thumb|746x746px|Source: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578889_Genetic_profile_based_upon_15_microsatellites_of_four_caste_groups_of_the_eastern_Indian_state_Bihar Genetic profile based upon 15 microsatellites of four caste groups of the eastern Indian state, Bihar. 2003]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 7 ==<br /> According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Bhumihar_Genetics&diff=1044 2026-09-01T14:20:27Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich - Research Paper 1 ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research paper-“[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research - Research Paper 2 ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India] applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024]. This table is inside the sheet-S6 of the downloadable supplementary spreadsheet given with the research paper. |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and scroll down or navigate to the '''&quot;Supplemental information&quot;''' section, under it you'll find the '''&quot;Download spreadsheet&quot;''' option. You have to '''download it''' to view the entire spreadsheet file containing multiple tables. <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted above'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics - Research paper 4 ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ===<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == 2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research says Bhumihars cluster with Brahmins - Research Paper 6 ==<br /> Scientists from the government '''Central Forensic Science Laboratory''' reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that '''Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;Scientists wrote in their '''conclusion''' - '''''&quot;The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large.&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:6006dfbe.jpg|alt=Scientists from the government Central Forensic Science Laboratory reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins.|center|thumb|746x746px|Source: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578889_Genetic_profile_based_upon_15_microsatellites_of_four_caste_groups_of_the_eastern_Indian_state_Bihar Genetic profile based upon 15 microsatellites of four caste groups of the eastern Indian state, Bihar. 2003]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 7 ==<br /> According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Bhumihar_Genetics&diff=1043 2026-09-01T14:20:04Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich - Research Paper 1 ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research paper-“[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research - Research Paper 2 ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India] applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024]. This table is inside the sheet-S6 of the downloadable supplementary spreadsheet given with the research paper. |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and scroll down or navigate to the '''&quot;Supplemental information&quot;''' section, under it you'll find the '''&quot;Download spreadsheet&quot;''' option. You have to '''download it''' to view the entire spreadsheet file containing multiple tables. <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted above'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics - Research paper 4 ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ===<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == 2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research says Bhumihars cluster with Brahmins - Research Paper 6 ==<br /> Scientists from the government '''Central Forensic Science Laboratory''' reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that '''Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;Scientists wrote in their conclusion - '''''&quot;The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large.&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:6006dfbe.jpg|alt=Scientists from the government Central Forensic Science Laboratory reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins.|center|thumb|746x746px|Source: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578889_Genetic_profile_based_upon_15_microsatellites_of_four_caste_groups_of_the_eastern_Indian_state_Bihar Genetic profile based upon 15 microsatellites of four caste groups of the eastern Indian state, Bihar. 2003]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 7 ==<br /> According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=File:6006dfbe.jpg&diff=1042 2026-09-01T14:19:54Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>Scientists from the government Central Forensic Science Laboratory reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins.</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Bhumihar_Genetics&diff=1041 2026-09-01T14:14:52Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich - Research Paper 1 ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research paper-“[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research - Research Paper 2 ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India] applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024]. This table is inside the sheet-S6 of the downloadable supplementary spreadsheet given with the research paper. |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and scroll down or navigate to the '''&quot;Supplemental information&quot;''' section, under it you'll find the '''&quot;Download spreadsheet&quot;''' option. You have to '''download it''' to view the entire spreadsheet file containing multiple tables. <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted above'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics - Research paper 4 ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ===<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == 2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research says Bhumihars cluster with Brahmins - Research Paper 6 ==<br /> Scientists from the government '''Central Forensic Science Laboratory''' reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that '''Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;Scientists wrote in their conclusion - '''''&quot;The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large.&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:C7ce58ae-ec0b-4c9c-aee4-beda04fd5282.jpg|alt=Scientists from the government Central Forensic Science Laboratory reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins.|center|thumb|746x746px|Source: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578889_Genetic_profile_based_upon_15_microsatellites_of_four_caste_groups_of_the_eastern_Indian_state_Bihar Genetic profile based upon 15 microsatellites of four caste groups of the eastern Indian state, Bihar. 2003]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 7 ==<br /> According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=File:C7ce58ae-ec0b-4c9c-aee4-beda04fd5282.jpg&diff=1040 2026-09-01T14:14:35Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>Scientists from the government Central Forensic Science Laboratory reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins.</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Bhumihar_Genetics&diff=1039 2026-09-01T13:17:58Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich - Research Paper 1 ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research paper-“[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research - Research Paper 2 ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India] applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024]. This table is inside the sheet-S6 of the downloadable supplementary spreadsheet given with the research paper. |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and scroll down or navigate to the '''&quot;Supplemental information&quot;''' section, under it you'll find the '''&quot;Download spreadsheet&quot;''' option. You have to '''download it''' to view the entire spreadsheet file containing multiple tables. <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted above'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics - Research paper 4 ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ===<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == 2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research says Bhumihars cluster with Brahmins - Research Paper 6 ==<br /> Scientists from the government '''Central Forensic Science Laboratory''' reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that '''Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;Scientists wrote in their conclusion - '''''&quot;The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large.&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:591d4a74-c0d3-434e-8330-cf468b1e6c85.jpg|center|thumb|746x746px|Source: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578889_Genetic_profile_based_upon_15_microsatellites_of_four_caste_groups_of_the_eastern_Indian_state_Bihar Genetic profile based upon 15 microsatellites of four caste groups of the eastern Indian state, Bihar. 2003]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 7 ==<br /> According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Bhumihar_DNA&diff=1038 2026-09-01T13:16:46Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich - Research Paper 1 ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research paper-“[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research - Research Paper 2 ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India] applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024]. This table is inside the sheet-S6 of the downloadable supplementary spreadsheet given with the research paper. |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and scroll down or navigate to the '''&quot;Supplemental information&quot;''' section, under it you'll find the '''&quot;Download spreadsheet&quot;''' option. You have to '''download it''' to view the entire spreadsheet file containing multiple tables. <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted above'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics - Research paper 4 ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ===<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == 2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research says Bhumihars cluster with Brahmins - Research Paper 6 ==<br /> Scientists from the government '''Central Forensic Science Laboratory''' reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that '''Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;Scientists wrote in their conclusion - '''''&quot;The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large.&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:591d4a74-c0d3-434e-8330-cf468b1e6c85.jpg|center|thumb|746x746px|Source: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578889_Genetic_profile_based_upon_15_microsatellites_of_four_caste_groups_of_the_eastern_Indian_state_Bihar Genetic profile based upon 15 microsatellites of four caste groups of the eastern Indian state, Bihar. 2003]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 7 ==<br /> According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1037 2026-09-01T13:16:08Z

<p>Babhanwiki: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich - Research Paper 1 ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research paper-“[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research - Research Paper 2 ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India] applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024]. This table is inside the sheet-S6 of the downloadable supplementary spreadsheet given with the research paper. |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and scroll down or navigate to the '''&quot;Supplemental information&quot;''' section, under it you'll find the '''&quot;Download spreadsheet&quot;''' option. You have to '''download it''' to view the entire spreadsheet file containing multiple tables. <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted above'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics - Research paper 4 ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ===<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == 2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research says Bhumihars cluster with Brahmins - Research Paper 6 ==<br /> Scientists from the government '''Central Forensic Science Laboratory''' reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that '''Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;Scientists wrote in their conclusion - '''''&quot;The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large.&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:591d4a74-c0d3-434e-8330-cf468b1e6c85.jpg|center|thumb|746x746px|Source: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578889_Genetic_profile_based_upon_15_microsatellites_of_four_caste_groups_of_the_eastern_Indian_state_Bihar Genetic profile based upon 15 microsatellites of four caste groups of the eastern Indian state, Bihar. 2003]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 7 ==<br /> According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1036 2026-09-01T13:12:58Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich - Research Paper 1 ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research paper-“[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research - Research Paper 2 ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India] applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024]. This table is inside the sheet-S6 of the downloadable supplementary spreadsheet given with the research paper. |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and scroll down or navigate to the '''&quot;Supplemental information&quot;''' section, under it you'll find the '''&quot;Download spreadsheet&quot;''' option. You have to '''download it''' to view the entire spreadsheet file containing multiple tables. <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted above'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics - Research paper 4 ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ===<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == 2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research says Bhumihars cluster with Brahmins - Research Paper 6 ==<br /> Scientists from the government '''Central Forensic Science Laboratory''' reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that '''Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;Scientists wrote in their conclusion - '''''&quot;The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large.&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:591d4a74-c0d3-434e-8330-cf468b1e6c85.jpg|center|thumb|746x746px|Source: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578889_Genetic_profile_based_upon_15_microsatellites_of_four_caste_groups_of_the_eastern_Indian_state_Bihar Genetic profile based upon 15 microsatellites of four caste groups of the eastern Indian state, Bihar. 2003]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 7 ==<br /> According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1035 2026-09-01T13:10:51Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich - Research Paper 1 ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research paper-“[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research - Research Paper 2 ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India] applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024]. This table is inside the sheet-S6 of the downloadable supplementary spreadsheet given with the research paper. |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and scroll down or navigate to the '''&quot;Supplemental information&quot;''' section, under it you'll find the '''&quot;Download spreadsheet&quot;''' option. You have to '''download it''' to view the entire spreadsheet file containing multiple tables. <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted above'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics - Research paper 4 ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ===<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 6 ==<br /> According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == 2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research says Bhumihars cluster with Brahmins - Research Paper 7 ==<br /> Scientists from the government '''Central Forensic Science Laboratory''' reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that '''Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;Scientists wrote in their conclusion - '''''&quot;The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large.&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:591d4a74-c0d3-434e-8330-cf468b1e6c85.jpg|center|thumb|746x746px|Source: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578889_Genetic_profile_based_upon_15_microsatellites_of_four_caste_groups_of_the_eastern_Indian_state_Bihar Genetic profile based upon 15 microsatellites of four caste groups of the eastern Indian state, Bihar. 2003]]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1034 2026-09-01T12:58:09Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich - Research Paper 1 ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research paper-“[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research - Research Paper 2 ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics - Research paper 4 ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ===<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 6 ==<br /> According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == 2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research says Bhumihars cluster with Brahmins - Research Paper 7 ==<br /> Scientists from the government '''Central Forensic Science Laboratory''' reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that '''Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;Scientists wrote in their conclusion - '''''&quot;The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large.&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:591d4a74-c0d3-434e-8330-cf468b1e6c85.jpg|center|thumb|746x746px|Source: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578889_Genetic_profile_based_upon_15_microsatellites_of_four_caste_groups_of_the_eastern_Indian_state_Bihar Genetic profile based upon 15 microsatellites of four caste groups of the eastern Indian state, Bihar. 2003]]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1033 2026-09-01T12:45:53Z

<p>Babhanwiki: /* 2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research on Bihari upper castes (Bhumihar, Brahmin, Rajput, Kayastha) - Research Paper 7 */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich - Research Paper 1 ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research - Research Paper 2 ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics - Research paper 4 ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ===<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 6 ==<br /> According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == 2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research says Bhumihars cluster with Brahmins - Research Paper 7 ==<br /> Scientists from the government '''Central Forensic Science Laboratory''' reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that '''Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;Scientists wrote in their conclusion - '''''&quot;The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large.&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:591d4a74-c0d3-434e-8330-cf468b1e6c85.jpg|center|thumb|746x746px|Source: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578889_Genetic_profile_based_upon_15_microsatellites_of_four_caste_groups_of_the_eastern_Indian_state_Bihar Genetic profile based upon 15 microsatellites of four caste groups of the eastern Indian state, Bihar. 2003]]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1032 2026-09-01T12:44:26Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich - Research Paper 1 ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research - Research Paper 2 ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics - Research paper 4 ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ===<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 6 ==<br /> According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == 2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research on Bihari upper castes (Bhumihar, Brahmin, Rajput, Kayastha) - Research Paper 7 ==<br /> Scientists from the government '''Central Forensic Science Laboratory''' reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that '''Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;Scientists wrote in their conclusion - '''''&quot;The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large.&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:591d4a74-c0d3-434e-8330-cf468b1e6c85.jpg|center|thumb|746x746px|Source: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578889_Genetic_profile_based_upon_15_microsatellites_of_four_caste_groups_of_the_eastern_Indian_state_Bihar Genetic profile based upon 15 microsatellites of four caste groups of the eastern Indian state, Bihar. 2003]]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1031 2026-09-01T12:42:35Z

<p>Babhanwiki: /* Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich. Research Paper 1 ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics. Research paper 4 ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ===<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 6 ==<br /> According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == 2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research on Bihari upper castes (Bhumihar, Brahmin, Rajput, Kayastha). Research Paper 7 ==<br /> Scientists from the government '''Central Forensic Science Laboratory''' reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that '''Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;Scientists wrote in their conclusion - '''''&quot;The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large.&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:591d4a74-c0d3-434e-8330-cf468b1e6c85.jpg|center|thumb|746x746px|Source: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578889_Genetic_profile_based_upon_15_microsatellites_of_four_caste_groups_of_the_eastern_Indian_state_Bihar Genetic profile based upon 15 microsatellites of four caste groups of the eastern Indian state, Bihar. 2003]]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1030 2026-09-01T12:36:45Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ===<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 6 ==<br /> According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == 2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research on Bihari upper castes (Bhumihar, Brahmin, Rajput, Kayastha) ==<br /> Scientists from the government '''Central Forensic Science Laboratory''' reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that '''Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;Scientists wrote in their conclusion - '''''&quot;The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large.&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:591d4a74-c0d3-434e-8330-cf468b1e6c85.jpg|center|thumb|746x746px|Source: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578889_Genetic_profile_based_upon_15_microsatellites_of_four_caste_groups_of_the_eastern_Indian_state_Bihar Genetic profile based upon 15 microsatellites of four caste groups of the eastern Indian state, Bihar. 2003]]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1029 2026-09-01T12:33:44Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ===<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 6 ==<br /> According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == 2003 scientific genetic research on Bihari upper castes (Bhumihar, Brahmin, Rajput, Kayastha) ==<br /> Scientists associated with the government Central Forensic Science Laboratory reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins. &lt;blockquote&gt;Scientists wrote in their conclusion - '''''&quot;The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large.&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:591d4a74-c0d3-434e-8330-cf468b1e6c85.jpg|center|thumb|746x746px|Source: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578889_Genetic_profile_based_upon_15_microsatellites_of_four_caste_groups_of_the_eastern_Indian_state_Bihar Genetic profile based upon 15 microsatellites of four caste groups of the eastern Indian state, Bihar. 2003]]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=File:591d4a74-c0d3-434e-8330-cf468b1e6c85.jpg&diff=1028 2026-09-01T12:24:38Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>Bhumihars cluster with Brahmins very closely</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1027 2026-09-01T12:13:50Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ===<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 6 ==<br /> According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1026 2026-09-01T11:54:46Z

<p>Babhanwiki: /* Research Paper 5 */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ===<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 6 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1025 2026-09-01T11:54:14Z

<p>Babhanwiki: /* Research Paper 4 */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ===<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1024 2026-09-01T11:53:21Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ===<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 4 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1023 2026-09-01T11:52:52Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> = Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other =<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 4 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1022 2026-09-01T11:45:46Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 4 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1021 2026-09-01T11:38:40Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 4 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1020 2026-09-01T11:37:03Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 4 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1019 2026-09-01T11:34:55Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 4 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, UP Bhumihars and Brahmins fall in the same genetic clade, i.e., they share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1018 2026-09-01T11:32:06Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 4 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are genetically very similar ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, UP Bhumihars and Brahmins fall in the same genetic clade, i.e., they share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together. &lt;blockquote&gt;The scientists say in the research that - '''''&quot;We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg&diff=1017 2026-09-01T11:18:11Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>Oxford University research says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are nearly identical.</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1016 2026-09-01T10:50:44Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 4 ==<br /> According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1015 2026-09-01T10:50:10Z

<p>Babhanwiki: /* Research Paper 4 */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 4 ==<br /> According to a 2021 research, Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1014 2026-09-01T10:47:45Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 4 ==<br /> According to a 2021 research, Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1013 2026-09-01T10:41:44Z

<p>Babhanwiki: /* Oxford University research paper mentions Bhumihar genetics */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 4 ==<br /> According to a 2021 research, Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper &amp; Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1012 2026-09-01T09:51:17Z

<p>Babhanwiki: /* Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University&#039;s Dr.David Reich */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 4 ==<br /> According to a 2021 research, Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper mentions Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] says '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1011 2026-09-01T09:50:55Z

<p>Babhanwiki: /* Bhumihar Genetics according to the Harvard University&#039;s Dr.David Reich */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University's Dr.David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 4 ==<br /> According to a 2021 research, Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper mentions Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] says '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1010 2026-09-01T09:50:38Z

<p>Babhanwiki: /* Bhumihar Genetics according to the Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to the Harvard University's Dr.David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 4 ==<br /> According to a 2021 research, Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper mentions Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] says '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1009 2026-09-01T09:50:17Z

<p>Babhanwiki: /* Bhumihar Genetics according to the Harvard University &amp; David Reich */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to the Harvard University &amp; Dr.David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 4 ==<br /> According to a 2021 research, Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper mentions Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] says '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1008 2026-09-01T09:49:30Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to the Harvard University &amp; David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 4 ==<br /> According to a 2021 research, Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Oxford University research paper mentions Bhumihar genetics ==<br /> [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] says '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1007 2026-09-01T09:44:48Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to the Harvard University &amp; David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled &quot;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]&quot;&lt;blockquote&gt;The scientific research states -'''''&quot;Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component&quot;'''''&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 4 ==<br /> According to a 2021 research, Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 6 ==<br /> According to a 2023 research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to be having higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in yet another research.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Genetics&diff=1006 2026-09-01T09:40:16Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to the Harvard University &amp; David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> According to a 2020 research, Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Kshatriyas, Kurmis, Tharus, Srivastavas, Yadavs, Nais, Thakurs, and Brahmins sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|783x783px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 4 ==<br /> According to a 2021 research, Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 6 ==<br /> According to a 2023 research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to be having higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in yet another research.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg&diff=1005 2026-09-01T09:39:52Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>Bhumihars contain the highest fraction of Steppe ancestry component in the Gangetic region of India according to the 2020 genetic/scientific research - &quot;The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent&quot;</div>

Babhanwiki https://www.babhanwiki.com/index.php?title=Bhumihar_Genetics&diff=970 2026-08-20T08:48:26Z

<p>Babhanwiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. <br /> <br /> Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 The formation of human populations]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 in South and Central Asia]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Vagheesh M. Narasimhan1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 *†, Nick Patterson2,3*†, Priya Moorjani4,5‡, Nadin Rohland1,2‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Rebecca Bernardos1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Swapan Mallick1,2,6‡, Iosif Lazaridis1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Nathan Nakatsuka1,7]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Iñigo Olalde1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Mark Lipson1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alexander M. Kim1,8, Luca M. Olivieri9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Alfredo Coppa10]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Massimo Vidale9,11, James Mallory12, Vyacheslav Moiseyev13, Egor Kitov14,15,16]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Janet Monge17, Nicole Adamski1,6, Neel Alex18, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht1,6§,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Francesca Candilio19,20, Kimberly Callan1,6, Olivia Cheronet19,21,22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Brendan J. Culleton23, Matthew Ferry1,6, Daniel Fernandes19,21,22,24, Suzanne Freilich22]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Beatriz Gamarra19,21,25||¶, Daniel Gaudio19,21, Mateja Hajdinjak26, Éadaoin Harney1,6,27]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Thomas K. Harper28, Denise Keating19, Ann Marie Lawson1,6, Matthew Mah1,2,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Kirsten Mandl22, Megan Michel1,6#**, Mario Novak19,29, Jonas Oppenheimer1,6††,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Niraj Rai30,31, Kendra Sirak1,19,32, Viviane Slon26, Kristin Stewardson1,6]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Fatma Zalzala1,6, Zhao Zhang1]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Gaziz Akhatov15, Anatoly N. Bagashev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alessandra Bagnera9]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 , Bauryzhan Baitanayev15, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento34]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Arman A. Bissembaev15,35, Gian Luca Bonora36, Temirlan T. Chargynov37]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Tatiana Chikisheva38, Petr K. Dashkovskiy39, Anatoly Derevianko38, Miroslav Dobeš]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 40]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Katerina Douka41,42, Nadezhda Dubova14, Meiram N. Duisengali35, Dmitry Enshin33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Epimakhov43,44, Alexey V. Fribus45, Dorian Fuller46,47, Alexander Goryachev33]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Andrey Gromov13, Sergey P. Grushin48, Bryan Hanks49, Margaret Judd49]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Erlan Kazizov15, Aleksander Khokhlov50, Aleksander P. Krygin51, Elena Kupriyanova52]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Pavel Kuznetsov50, Donata Luiselli53, Farhod Maksudov54, Aslan M. Mamedov55]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Talgat B. Mamirov15, Christopher Meiklejohn56, Deborah C. Merrett57]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Roberto Micheli9,58, Oleg Mochalov50, Samariddin Mustafokulov54,59, Ayushi Nayak41]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Davide Pettener60, Richard Potts61, Dmitry Razhev33, Marina Rykun62]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Stefania Sarno60, Tatyana M. Savenkova63, Kulyan Sikhymbaeva64]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Sergey M. Slepchenko33, Oroz A. Soltobaev37, Nadezhda Stepanova38]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Svetlana Svyatko13,65, Kubatbek Tabaldiev66, Maria Teschler-Nicola22,67]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Alexey A. Tishkin68, Vitaly V. Tkachev69, Sergey Vasilyev14,70, Petr Velemínský71]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Dmitriy Voyakin15,72, Antonina Yermolayeva15, Muhammad Zahir41,73]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Valery S. Zubkov74, Alisa Zubova13, Vasant S. Shinde75, Carles Lalueza-Fox76]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 ,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Matthias Meyer26, David Anthony77, Nicole Boivin41‡, Kumarasamy Thangaraj30‡,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Douglas J. Kennett23,28,78‡, Michael Frachetti79,80†,]<br /> <br /> [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZy8LljIyWAxWQSWwGHa5kE2sQFnoECBIQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Freich.hms.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Finline-files%2Feaat7487.full_.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1fEPgSxgL5_aV8Gxh_Cp0_&amp;opi=89978449 Ron Pinhasi19,22†, David Reich1,2,6,81†]&lt;/ref&gt;''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. <br /> <br /> The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]&lt;/ref&gt; likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]&lt;/ref&gt;, Human Genetics (2021)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit &amp; Ivanisenko, Vladimir &amp; Anashkina, Anastasia &amp; Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] &lt;/ref&gt;, bioRxiv (2022)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban &amp; Kumar, Lomous &amp; Sran, Kiran &amp; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy &amp; Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] &lt;/ref&gt; and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)&lt;ref&gt;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]&lt;/ref&gt; '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.<br /> <br /> == Bhumihar Genetics according to the Harvard University &amp; David Reich ==<br /> Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes &amp; tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.<br /> <br /> This research, “[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: <br /> <br /> === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups&quot;'' ===<br /> [[File:Image.png|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === ''(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”'' ===<br /> [[File:Harvard1.jpg|center|thumb|624x624px]]<br /> <br /> === (C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars ===<br /> [[File:IMG 20260806 083826.jpg|center|thumb|372x372px]]<br /> <br /> === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. ===<br /> In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]]<br /> | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned &amp; widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 &quot;The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.&quot;]''' <br /> <br /> Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.<br /> <br /> Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''&quot;File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),&quot;''' under the &quot;Supplementary Material&quot; section. Download it. <br /> <br /> Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''&quot;Table S5&quot;''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. <br /> <br /> == Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research ==<br /> <br /> The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). <br /> <br /> Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024] |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 &quot;'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024&quot;''']<br /> <br /> Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and navigate to the &quot;Supplementary Materials&quot; section, click on it, and there you'll find the '''&quot;Supplementary Tables&quot;''' in the form of an Excel Sheet / Spreadsheet. You have to download the table file named '''&quot;supplements/498959_file03.xlsx&quot;''' <br /> <br /> Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted below'''. <br /> == Research Paper 3 ==<br /> According to a 2020 research, Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Kshatriyas, Kurmis, Tharus, Srivastavas, Yadavs, Nais, Thakurs, and Brahmins sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Bmc.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]|530x530px]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 4 ==<br /> According to a 2021 research, Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.'''<br /> [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> [[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34424406/ Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 5 ==<br /> According to a 2022, research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.<br /> [[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]]<br /> <br /> == Research Paper 6 ==<br /> According to a 2023 research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to be having higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in yet another research.<br /> [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]]<br /> <br /> == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry ==<br /> [[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. &lt;blockquote&gt;He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that &quot;'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]]<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. <br /> <br /> Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.<br /> <br /> == References ==</div>

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